Math routines are OS fingerprintable

[mikeperry]

The Math class now exposes high-precision versions of several mathematical functions. If these are OS-specific, they may be fingerprintable.

​https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Math

OS-level fingerprinting probably is not a terribly high priority. The only situation where this is high priority is if different OS versions and library versions end up producing different results for these functions.

[mikeperry]

This may be easy for someone who has a bunch of different OSes and writes some test JS to print out values from these functions. Well, easy to test for differences anyway.

[gk]

I did not test all functions but just some using ​https://people.torproject.org/~gk/misc/MathHighPrecisionAPI.html. While we have differences between OSes we have it seems differences between 32bit and 64bit architectures as well. I tested on OS X 10.6.8, 32 bit Debian testing, 32 bit Ubuntu Precise, 64 bit Ubuntu Precise, Windows 7 64 bit and Windows 8 64 bit. Small differences between Linux/OS X /Windows aside, the 64bit Ubuntu Precise gives me:

    asinh(1) = 0.881373587019543
    acosh(1e300) = 691.4686750787736
    atanh(0.5) = 0.5493061443340548
    expm1(1) = 1.718281828459045
    log1p(10) = 2.3978952727983707
    sinh(1) = 1.1752011936438014
    cosh(10) = 11013.232920103324
    tanh(1) = 0.7615941559557649

While my 32bit systems give

    asinh(1) = 0.8813735870195429
    acosh(1e300) = 691.4686750787737
    atanh(0.5) = 0.5493061443340549
    expm1(1) = 1.718281828459045
    log1p(10) = 2.3978952727983707
    sinh(1) = 1.1752011936438014
    cosh(10) = 11013.232920103328
    tanh(1) = 0.7615941559557649

[gk]

The windows values are:

    asinh(1) = 0.8813735870195429
    acosh(1e300) = 691.4686750787737
    atanh(0.5) = 0.5493061443340549
    expm1(1) = 1.718281828459045
    log1p(10) = 2.3978952727983707
    sinh(1) = 1.1752011936438014
    cosh(10) = 11013.232920103323
    tanh(1) = 0.7615941559557649

And the OS X values are only in cosh(10) different, too. I wonder whether we could get bigger differences by picking better values for these functions (I almost bet this is the case).

[cypherpunks]

Values computed using standard algebraic expression:

    asinh(1) = 0.8813735870195429
    acosh(1e300) = NaN
    atanh(0.5) = 0.5493061443340549
    expm1(1) = 1.718281828459045
    log1p(10) = 2.3978952727983707
    sinh(1) = 1.1752011936438014
    cosh(10) = 11013.232920103324
    tanh(1) = 0.7615941559557649

Using code:

function asinh(x) {
  if (x === -Infinity) {
    return x;
  } else {
    return Math.log(x + Math.sqrt(x * x + 1));
  }
}
function acosh(x) {
  return Math.log(x + Math.sqrt(x * x - 1));
}
function atanh(x) {
  return Math.log((1+x)/(1-x)) / 2;
}
function cbrt(x) {
    var y = Math.pow(Math.abs(x), 1/3);
    return x < 0 ? -y : y;
}
function cosh(x) {
    var y = Math.exp(x);
    return (y + 1 / y) / 2;
}
function expm1(x) {
    return Math.exp(x) - 1;
}
function log1p(x) {
  return Math.log(1 + x);
}
function sinh(x){
    var y = Math.exp(x);
    return (y - 1/y) / 2;
}
function tanh(x) {
  if(x === Infinity) {
    return 1;
  } else if(x === -Infinity) {
    return -1;
  } else {
    var y = Math.exp(2 * x);
    return (y - 1) / (y + 1);
  }
}

[gk]

Just to add to my last comment: Windows7/8 and Ubuntu Precise 32/64 run on the same computer without VM. The Debian and the OS X are running on two other machines.

[mikeperry]

Hrmm.. Sounds like we may need to pick a library we like and include its versions of these functions rather than calling out to the OS.

I wonder why there are 32 vs 64bit differences here, though.. I guess the Linux versions probably use 'long' instead of something standard like int64_t... Bleh.

[mikeperry]

I guess the next question is to determine if this is any worse than just an OS+arch fingerprinting vector, so we can decide how to prioritize this versus other fingerprinting issues.

[gk]

Replying to mikeperry:

I guess the next question is to determine if this is any worse than just an OS+arch fingerprinting vector, so we can decide how to prioritize this versus other fingerprinting issues.

We should ask SpiderMonkey folks for a best way to fingerprint users using the Math object. They might know some really good corner cases due to the algorithms they chose. ​https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=892671 could be relevant here, too.

[cypherpunks]

32/64 difference leaks without high-precision math routines and works for ff24-esr. Math.exp(x) output is different for x >= 5.

[cypherpunks]

​Floating point differences between platforms (since 2009 year).

[cypherpunks]

<html>
  <head>
    <title>https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=531915</title>
  </head>
  <body>
    <p>Detected platform for Tor Browser (based on ff24-esr):</p>
    <script>
      var check_tan = Math.tan(-1e300);

      if (check_tan == -1.4214488238747245)
        document.write("Linux 64");
      else if (check_tan == 0.8831488831618285)
        document.write("Linux 32");
      else if (check_tan == -4.987183803371025)
        document.write("Windows");
      else
        document.write("Mac OS X");
    </script>
  </body>
</html>

[cypherpunks]

Detected platform for Tor Browser

For Linux it depends run-time environment (libm system library), it's possible to detect some distros such way.

Windows depends compile-time environment (mingw).

[cypherpunks]

Non-informative. Confusing.

[gk]

comment:19 was

More to puzzle. Output of testing sample linked with x86 libm (not reproducible for cross compiling):

Before FIX_FPU: tan(-1e300) = -1.421449, tan(strtod('-1e300')) = -4.802497 
After  FIX_FPU: tan(-1e300) = -1.421449, tan(strtod('-1e300')) = 0.883149 

Code of sample:

#include <stdio.h> 
#include <stdlib.h> 
#include <math.h> 
	 
inline void FIX_FPU() { 
    short control; 
    asm("fstcw %0" : "=m" (control) : ); 
    control &= ~0x300; // Lower bits 8 and 9 (precision control). 
    control |= 0x2f3;  // Raise bits 0-5 (exception masks) and 9 (64-bit precision). 
    asm("fldcw %0" : : "m" (control) ); 
} 
 	 
int main () { 
char *end; 
double x; 
	 
x = strtod ("-1e300", &end); // eq "x=-1e300"; 
	 
printf("Before FIX_FPU: tan(-1e300) = %f, tan(strtod('-1e300')) = %f\n", tan(-1e300), tan(x)); 
FIX_FPU(); 
printf("After  FIX_FPU: tan(-1e300) = %f, tan(strtod('-1e300')) = %f\n", tan(-1e300), tan(x)); 
 	 
return 0; 
} 

​FIX_FPU

[mikeperry]

We may want to ship libm.so in our Linux bundles for this, at least to push back against the version fingerprinting property.

[arthuredelstein]

Here's a very interesting overview of sources of floating-point inconsistencies:
​https://randomascii.wordpress.com/2013/07/16/floating-point-determinism/

[mikeperry]

This may also be the cause of the fingerprintability of the WebAudio stuff in #13017 (or at least part of that fingerprintability). See https://trac.torproject.org/projects/tor/ticket/13017#comment:27 for a useful test.

[yawning]

A few notes:

• A quick check with the browser console gives me the impression that simple JS math expressions are evaluated with 64 bit intermediaries (as opposed to 80 bit). I am uncertain about the JS JIT behavior. (1.0 + Number.EPSILON * 0.5) + Number.EPSILON * 0.5)

• Assuming calls are made to libm (or equivalent) blindly, the results on each system are library version and implementation dependent. A particularly egregious example would be the output of double sin(double x); being flat out wrong for glibc < 2.19 for certain values. MS's VC++ runtime is less wrong for a different set of certain values, but is still wrong. This probably applies to most transcendental functions.

• Even if we fix the JS that calls into libm, higher level apis that just happen to do math are not guaranteed to give the correct results, depending on how the native code it's called into is written or built. If we can assume that x87 is never used at all, then we'd still need to check for things like rsqrtss.